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AGORAfilia and agoraphobia (8a): Cyril versus Sinesio

I forgot to say that the letters of Sinesio is a letter (No. 12) addressed to Cyril. Let's see how it starts:

"Come back, brother Cyril, along with your mother the Church, of which you were not separated from a pit, but you turned away for a period determined by the consideration they deserve your faults. "

do not know what type of faults were those But the fact is that led to a temporary suspension of the functions of Cyril as bishop (lit. próedros , "Guide"). Although some scholars argue that it is not Cyril of Alexandria, other researchers, according to Wolfgang Meyer [1] hold not only this letter is addressed to the future archbishop of Alexandria, but the tone of reproach that Synesius Cyril targets would to do, eventually, with the murder of Hypatia, friend and teacher Sinesio. If so, the murder of Hypatia could be interpreted as a settling of accounts with Sinesio Cyril. Of course, it would be intolerable cruelty, if we consider that it would be a post mortem revenge because he was already dead Sinesio two or three years before these bloody events. But would not be surprising in a character who, not content to excommunicate Nestorius at the Council of Ephesus, he insisted that the addition to the canons of the council a list of up to twelve Anathematics (type: "If anyone does not confess ... such and such ... let him be accursed. ") With a vengeful rage bit line with the supposed virtues of a future saint of the Church ...

[1] WA MEYER, Hypatia von Alexandria. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Neuplatonismus , Heidelberg, 1886

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AGORAfilia and agoraphobia (8): The dubious sanctity of Cyril of Alexandria

I will not be me who accuses Cyril of Alexandria in the horrible death Hypatia: Amenábar has already done in his film, playing, for once, quite accurately, the main documentary sources we maintain. I will just provide some insights to help shape the profile a character who, although he owns a place in the pantheon, as a shepherd of the sheep holy Christian ... also take a second home in hell, you bastard between bastards, because it was a nightmare for many, some of which , to make matters worse, they were as Christians like him.

To begin, I want to show the stark contrast between this "holy father"-and considered by the Catholic, Orthodox and Coptic, and a contemporary who already is familiar: Synesius. Both were born more or less the same date, 370, and both exerted "supervisors"-that literally means episcopos, Bishop - the one in Alexandria and one in the Ptolemais. But here the similarities end, because while Sinesio was, as we know, because he, in his letter 105, was responsible for what we knew well that a bishop-married father of three children, Cyril was unmarried and without children-we know- although this was not an obstacle to become "father" of the Church ...

Sinesio is a student of Hypatia, and it is true, as we have seen (chart 124), beyond death ... while Cyril not only attend classes Hypatia, to which, as we know, many Christians attend worship and powerful, but on the facts, it seems that he hated to death ...

While Sinesio rejects in principle the position of Bishop, however, offered by acclamation, "Cyril happens to Theophilus in Alexandria in a somewhat dubious and conflicting: according to Socrates Scholastic, caused a riot in Alexandria all, since it took power against the wishes of many, who prefer the Archdeacon Timothy. In accepting the position, Sinesio-letter makes it clear 105 - that's not going to give up his philosophical ideas platonic, but contradict the orthodoxy, on the contrary, Cyril relentless exercise-even in a rage champion of orthodoxy and heresy hammer-see, if you have time and mood, the 10 volumes that takes its work in Greek Patrologia of Migne (68 to 77), much of which is dedicated to combating the heresy of Nestorius.

fact, one of the heterodox views of Synesius had been that of a female Holy Spirit: Expiration Santa -literal translation of Hagia Pnoía - which he calls "mother" and "that gave birth to the hidden root" (Hymn 2), perhaps echoing the Gnostic stream was trying to relocate the ancestral Mother Goddess in a cemetery, now deserted and patriarchal, which had been cleared.

Very different was the efforts of Cyril to impose a strange concept that safeguards gynecological consubstantiality the Father and the Son, namely: Mary, if I had a little mystery to be Virgin , was also s Theotokos, Mother God. Which, on the one hand, does not mean that the origin of God because God is before she and the other, has nothing to do with the Mother Goddess. Very clear ... no?

Anyway, the idea won and served to crush Nestorius at the Council of Ephesus in 431. It is worth pausing to take a look at that ... so little conciliatory council - what has been one? - Has been called ecumenical -lit. "For everyone inhabited "- when the truth is that a meeting was quite provincial, and mono rigged. Gregory Nazianzen in 382 said " that no council has been successful or to remedy the evils, on the contrary, that the increases." The quotation is from José María Blázquez Martínez, professor emeritus of Ancient History at the Complutense University and scholar of the Royal Academy of History. Hand in hand with such prestigious scholarly authority, we will close the profile of Cyril of Alexandria. Perhaps responsible for the horrible murder of Hypatia, persecuting pagans, Jews and heterodox Christians, to get the appointment as Patriarch of Alexandria,

"the first step taken by Cyril was close Novatians churches, and seize all that kept the sacred objects, and took the bishop Novatian Theopompus everything he owned. Profit motive had to close the churches of opposites, not based on faith, ie greed " [1] .

But not the whole thing

"Bribes Patriarch of Alexandria, Cyril (370/444), is the case known more blatant and cynical bribes. Came to buy, not only to the imperial court of Constantinople, until the emperor himself (...)

Actually, what happened at the time of the Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon (451) was a fierce power struggle between the churches of Alexandria and Constantinople, as you well said Gregory Nazianzen in the text above. It struggled in the Councils for power. By excessive ambition, Theophilus of Alexandria and his nephew Cyril, fought hard for John Chrysostom and Nestorius were deposed from the headquarters of the capital of the Byzantine Empire, and succeeded by bribing the emperors and the court. With bribes was purchased from the emperors, which were the highest authority within the church, whose decision was final " [2] .

With Saints well ... what the hell we want ...

---

[1] BLÁZQUEZ, JM, " Christian Religious violence in Ecclesiastical History of Socrates during the government of Theodosius II and the Ecclesiastical History of Theodoret of Cirrus' ; in Gerión 2008, 26, No. 1 453-490

[2] BLAZQUEZ, JM, "Bribery in the Ancient Church" ; in: G. Bravo - R. González Salinero (eds.), corruption in the Roman world , Madrid, Signifer, 2008, 249-263

That

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AGORAfilia and agoraphobia (7): Sinesio, AGORAfilia

Synesius Hypatia shared with the divine interest in Pythagorean mysticism of numbers is very clear sky, as well as already mentioned above, for these words in his short treatise -indeed, a long epistle entitled A Paionios on the gift : "And that astronomy is itself a very worthy and perhaps science could serve ascent to something even more venerable: I think the next step and the ineffable theology. " Precisely in that treaty quotes a beautiful poem of Ptolemy, which the prince of astronomers confesses

"I know I am mortal and ephemeral, but when the stars / investigated the continuous circular revolutions, / no longer play with my feet the earth, but next to own / Zeus I satiate of ambrosia, food of the gods " (IX Anthology 577)

(I was thinking how different the current scientific paradigm, in which poets and astronomers are rarely much less mystical ... And it's not for lack of colossal conceptions, eg the Big Bang - and lofty visions-v. g. nebulae and galaxies referred to the magical eye of the telescope-)

Friend both weapons and hunting, as of horses and books, Sinesio lived in Alexandria for three or four years (393-395 ) in who was a diligent student of Hypatia. On your next stay in Alexandria in 403, married a Christian nobility, and will be the Archbishop Theophilus who marry them. Have three children with her, two of them twins, who tragically die one after another and before him in less than ten years. Interestingly, already Bishop of such deaths is comforted by reading the Bible but not Epictetus (letter 126). In the year 410 when, killed the metropolitan of the Ptolemais, the people and clergy hailed as a successor in the episcopate. Flatly refuses at first, and then agree not without putting a number of conditions, among which is the conservation of both his wife and their Platonic convictions on the preexistence of the soul and immortality, not resurrection, as well as eternity of the universe. Read excerpts from the letter 105, conducted in the summer of 410 to his brother Evoptio:

"To me, it was indeed God, the law and the sacred hand of Theophilus who gave me my wife. I declare, therefore, publicly and to all borne witness that I detach myself from it all and not secretly lived with her as an adulterer (which one is not pious and the other is not legal), but my desire and my prayer will be many and good kids. "

"It is difficult, if not quite impossible, shake the doctrines that have become scientifically proven and you also know that many times, the philosophy of plane crashes against these other doctrines reported. Sure I never argue the belief that the origin of the soul is after the body. Do not admit that the cosmos and its parts awaits joint destruction. The much hyped resurrection consider sacred, ineffable and far away I agree with the opinion of the masses. "

"If I call this sacred ministry, I resign myself to hold a mock doctrines of it as God is my witness as well as men."

was christened after its election as bishop, although he was a Christian when he attended Hypatia's classes. Just some of the Hymns who wrote at that time reflect his Gnostic, heterodox conception some of the Christian dogmas as the Trinity, and mystical visions of astronomy. Thus begins the anthem 5 :

"Again the light of dawn again, again the day shines upon the darkness noctívaga. Sing it again, my heart, in early morning hymns to God, who gave birth to the dawn, which gave the night stars, chorus that dances around the universe. "

And describes the Trinity:

"The only source, the only root in the form shines a light triple: for there the abyss of the Father, the Son glorious there, the birth of the heart, traditional skills of the universe, and the glow of Santa Expiration unit shines. "

Note that the Holy Spirit a feminine name it: Hagia Pnoiâs : Santa Exhalation Exhalation or . We will have occasion to discuss these surprising and unorthodox theological views.

Platonic ideas, and tastes very worldly, Bishop married Sinesio never ceases to amaze with his esoteric interests. Returning home after a visit to Alexandria in 405, wrote a treatise "inspired by God himself"-his words-titled On Dreams, which then sends Hypatia to give approval. It defends the human capacity for divination and foretelling the future, based on the interpretation of dreams he learned of the Platonic philosophy. Along with this agreement sends another teacher, also for monitoring, entitled Dion, or their standard of living . It named as the most holy and wise men of Ammon, Zoroaster, San Antonio (the hermit) and Hermes. He also cites the Hermetic writings and the Chaldean Oracles , in other works, and certainly are present in the images used in Hymns.

An intriguing episode is the desperate plea that the letter 15 to your teacher makes you Hypatia to manufacture a "hydroscope", saying literally: "Fortune is so unfavorable that I need a hydroscope. " Against those who argue that it is an instrument only be used for chemical experiments, Dzielska, supported by an astrological work of the period, in which Thebes Hephaestion hydroscope states that can be used for divination and the preparation of horoscopes, argues: "Sinesio dominated by despair, abandoned by his immediate family, seeks solace and release into the hydromancy. Please consult the gods of water over his future. " (DZIELSKA 2006:91)

To this is added the curious fact that one of the first treatises on alchemy known Hellenistic Synesius is assigned, it is the letter entitled Synesius philosopher Dioscorus , notes the book of Democritus . As Dzielska says, "is not surprising that this disciple of Hypatia (and perhaps Theon), engaged in the interpretation of dreams, astrology and physical experiments, become recognized as one of the foremost experts in the secrets of alchemy. " (DZIELSKA 2006:91-92)

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GOBEL

TROILO IN 100 CHAPTERS
Walter Ernesto Celina Write
waltercelina1@hotmail.com - 14.12.2009

Aníbal Troilo ( Pichuco ) is one of the most enduring essence of tango.
To speak of him were two pens together: that of our fellow Horacio Arturo Ferrer and Argentine Jose Gobello teacher ( Belgo ).
See what makes the latter, with its illustrative comment:

"Our academic number (1) Don Horacio Arturo Ferrer could be awarded so that moving the same confession of Ovid (Sorry, IV, 10): Quidquid tentabam dicere versus erat, "everything that was trying to write poetry.
On return from one of his triumphant performances in Europe, Ferrer now announces work on Troilus, made it big. Ferrer does nothing other than big, as the thousand verses to Picasso that has chocks.
There is in this literary tribute Troilo memories, anecdotes, assessments, admiration, criticism, history major and history minor ... But wow, everything is always trying to write poetry. As
Gardel Troilo said it was not her singing had pace, because the pace was himself, Ferrer can say that it is not that everything comes poetry, but he himself is poetry.
The hundred chapters devoted to Pichuco, plus a CD anthology and, yet, for good measure, one hundred and twenty photographs long memories, priceless, give us, of course, a full and multirostro Troilo, whom the daggers of ice that tore us right after me as the absorption of one who was thinking of his own soul, that eluded him by the fingers.
Leo Ferrer and feel its pages like a real personal almografía. Troilo hundred chapters are also a hundred chapters on Ferrer.
I quote myself. In my poem "A Misael" I say what I write myself that each page is the photo that shows me different and unchangeable. Also, immutable and other shows Ferrer, and concerns Pichuco, Picasso, Woody Allen, the last Grela or colifatos you see the moon rolling like a cheese ball on the Avenida Callao smog. BELGO. "

(1): Reference to the Academy of Lunfardo Porteña.

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PRAISE OF PRAISE OF TANGO TANGO TANGO

THE MAESTRO JOSÉ Gobello
Walter Ernesto Celina Write
waltercelina1@hotmail.com - 13.12.2009

The year closes with a special recognition for the tango and the Candomble as Intangible Heritage of Humanity .
The award, conferred by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), covers the area of \u200b\u200bLa Plata countries.
The decision, of course, brings joy to the farmers of the two musical forms. It covers the wide spectrum of performers, composers, musicians, arrangers, costume designers, scholars and reaching dilettantes. A colorful and creative world by showing the shared awareness of communities in Argentina and Uruguay.

On a more intimate, but equally significant, a distinguished Argentine intellectual, Don José Gobello ( Belgo ) celebrated its 90 years.

was surrounded by colleagues from the Academy of Lunfardo Porteña and other personalities.
received the academic title of Honorary Journalist Handwriting Institute, dean of Argentina in the training of communicators.

For the reissue of Lunfardia , which Gobello brilliant scholarship examines the characteristics close to idiomatic expressions Tango, Uruguayan Horacio Arturo Ferrer could say, among other things:
... Name consular, between history and gloss names in the intimate record and public Porteña Academy of Lunfardo, where sermons official pagan slowly and elegantly chosen words of the Real Academia Castellana.
prose style ... delicate and strong and unmistakable, that the reading of his prose accompanied always bring warm and seductive voice, her singing voice with the pace of learning made the music a lot and asked for ideas and harmony of ideas.
... Numen Lunfardia that clarifies this in the corners with light beacon, which goes for half a century that illuminates and gives time to talk about the fork and the pick, the bandoneon and superb lyricism of us inmates.

The illustrious honor is one of the essential names to access the chest that holds the secrets of universal vitality of the tango.

***

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ROMANTIC AND RHYMES LUNFARDO
Walter Ernesto Celina Write
waltercelina1@hotmail.com - 12.12.2009

Tacuarembó discern just an honorary title the researcher Gardel Ms. Martina Iñiguez in recognition of their contributions confirmatory of Uruguayan Carlos Gardel.
reserve for another opportunity to comment on the award of GOLD GARDEL the winner, to focus on another side of his personality.

The intellectual Corrientes, located in Buenos Aires and frequent visitor to Uruguay, ventures so happy in the field of poetry, being farmer of the lyricist slang, literary form of complex and often not joint.

Ricardo Ostuni, Lunfaumor prolonging Poems and a Song Desafinada said in late 1993: is encouraging this first book of MI foreshadows other increasing quality.
The ease with which he handles the hard pentameter of the sonnet (1) is an example of poetic Baquía. The Poetry of Buenos Aires Group expresses its most joy for this initiation.

And why was the distinguished commentator. In 1998 MI makes known its Rhymes ... Minds (By way of Gustavo Adolfo Becquer). It
locate, briefly, the English poet (1896-1870). He is considered the ultimate form of Iberian and lyrical romanticism of emergency.
His poems are contained in his famous Rhymes, while its fine prose is both Letters, as in Legends.
In If you have a black eye takes MI Rima XIII in English, transcribed, to remind us-and then print your own. Exhibits ability and talent for composition and we passed an enjoyable humor page. RIMA

XIII ORIGINAL

your eyes are blue, and when you laugh, / soft clarity reminds me / the shimmering glow of the morning / in the sea is reflected.
your eyes are blue, and, if your background / the clear tears in her / I include dew / on a violet.
your eyes are blue, and the more you cry, / as a point of light strikes an idea / I think in the evening sky / star loss!

RIMA LUNFARDO

You got a black eye and your smile / display a new hole to remember / to a corn masticao by a worm / he has good teeth.
You got a black eye, if you open your eyes ... lovey-dovey horny! / It seems to me that you should, your eyelid, / put a steak.
You got a black eye, and do not cry / you're from the blows that chastens not / is not the first time in disco / Fajana by curdela you!

N OTA (1) AND GLOSSARY

Sonnet: Poetry hendecasyllables 14 verses. hendecasyllable: word of 11 syllables.
horny: caressing, arousing. Fajar : Hit, hit, punish. Curdela : Drunk. **

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heterodox Christian and agoraphobia (6): Sinesio, the faithful disciple of the venerable and agoraphobia AGORAfilia

If there is one detail in the film by Amenábar it bother me particularly is the manipulation of the figure of Sinesio in the final scenes. First, in any way could not have been present in the final moments of Hypatia ... he had died two or three years earlier, in 413. Just this year, on the verge of death, he writes three letters (10, 16 and 81) in which he calls comfort to their plight. Far from betraying his master, or at least justify his conviction, as suggested by the script, Sinesio is faithful unto death, as he had promised years earlier, in 396, in an impassioned letter that began with a verse of Iliad: " even if you forget the dead in the house of Hades, I, even there, I remember " ... to which he adds: "the dear Hypatia" (letter 124). Already above the respectful treatment which led to his teacher. Add a special significance today, which appears in one of those last letters, 81: "and the truth is that, apart from virtue, it's you whom I consider a good inviolable ( agathon ásylon )." Incidentally, in this same letter tells us what could be perhaps text only words we have of Hypatia, namely, how loving that she used to address him: "You called me" the good of others ( allóttrion agathon ) "." And not betray friends, especially if the subject was to be a matter of orthodoxy, which were unconnected as Sinesio Hypatia. We will see what I was away from the rigors dogmatic Sinesio of orthodoxy.

Another detail that does not fit with respect to Hypatia years pass not by it, when the film covers a period of almost 25 years, from 391, date of destruction of Serapeo until 415, date of the murder of Hypatia. Amenábar seems also here to bet on the legend of Hypatia not only wise but also very beautiful until the moment of his death, it is likely that the death had more than 50 or even 60 years. This is implied in his Chronography Juan Malalas († 578), when, after describing his death, said restricted to: "It was an old woman (gyne palaio )." And that seems to suggest that in the Byzantine encyclopedia Suda (s. X) refers to Hypatia reached maturity or bloom ( acme ), which was estimated at around 40 years under the reign of Arcadius , ie between 395 and 408; if so, when he died in 415 would have between 47 and 60, meaning that it is very likely to exceed 50. It is logical that this was, above all the respect which he enjoyed among the politicians of his time, who left for her advice. In addition, the reverse is unlikely, because if we fix his birth, as some would like, around at 370, we would have to Hypatia in 393 teaching a Synesius of the same age: 23 years! Again, not consistent with the respectful treatment Sinesio always gives in his letters, especially in one of the last, where the flame "mother, sister, teacher" (letter 16) does not seem very likely to happen is called "mother "a woman of the same age ...

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Hypatia (5): Hypatia, mathematics and mysticism

Consider now why I consider it inappropriate to another widely held view on the subject of the film AGORA, ie why I think is not a conflict between reason and faith, between science and religion . In this as in other matters, the film is ambiguous. Incidentally, this explains the title that accompanies these digressions, AGORAfilia and phobia AGORA : my relationship of love / hate relationship with a unique film in many ways, especially technical- and deficient in some others, especially in the handling of documents that the script is allowed. The film presents, in principle, a dedicated Hypatia, both in class and in their particular investigations almost exclusively mathematical and astronomical matters. Thus, with a vision cronocéntrica projecting over the past our current schemes around science, Hypatia us immersed in a strictly scientific issues and totally alien to matters spiritual. C'mon, it's a far cry from the scientific theological speculations. If that is the norm these days, it is certain that such a divorce between science and religion is not held up well-established ideas of the Enlightenment. Newton himself did not see the absolute space and time other than the presence of God eternal and unlimited.

The movie is ignored that Hypatia was a Neoplatonic philosopher. Perhaps closest to the intellectualism of Porfirio theurgy that Iamblichus or Proclus, but in any case concerned with spiritual issues at the highest level. Porphyry tells us in his biography of Plotinus, the founder of Neoplatonism experienced four mystical ecstasy in his presence. In his History of science and its relations with philosophy and religion [1] , Sir William Cecil Dampier puts it clearly: "Neoplatonism and early Christian theology grew up together, mutually reacting upon one another-indeed, accusing each other of plagiarism. Christianity, like Neoplatonism, is based on the fundamental premise that the ultimate reality of the universe is spirit, and in the patristic age suprarational adopted Neoplatonic attitude. "(1997:94 DAMPIER)

could not be otherwise when, from Pythagoras and Plato, geometry and astronomy were but the vehicles pure and appropriate to approach the divine questions, something like the language of the gods. And so, without doubt, understood Hypatia and passed it on to his disciples, as attested Sinesio when referring to his teachings as the "sacred geometry" ( hurt geometries) or the "divine geometry" ( theia geometry) (letter 93). It is precisely Sinesio letters of where we can extract enough material to get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe teachings of Hypatia. Mary does so masterfully Dzielska in the book cited. Suffice it to mention the significant treatments philosopher receives from his faithful disciple Sinesio "venerable philosopher, favorite of divinity" (letter 5), "the true master of the mysteries of philosophy" (letter 137); "that sacred hand that intervened between us "(face 133)," Your most divine soul "(letter 10)," His divine voice "(letter 5)

This classic and common link between mathematics and mystique was certainly present in the education of Hypatia, as his father, the mathematician Theon, was much given to the mysteries and revelations of Hermes and Orpheus. "Steeped in tradition, the family reads surely the revelation of Hermes, the Orphic theological writings, several Greek texts and manuals of astrology, divination (DZIELSKA 2006:90) An astrological poem contained in the Corpus Hermeticum among Extracts of Estobeo (XXIX) has been attributed to Theon:

OF HERMES. [FATE] [2]

seven wandering stars throughout space describing its orbit on the threshold of Olympus and eternity forever moves including: the moon light night, the dark Crono, the sweet sun, pafiana [3] with the marriage bed, the aggressive Ares, Hermes the beautiful wings and Zeus protogenerador of whom nature was born. Is divided among them the human race and we live in the Moon, Zeus, Ares, Aphrodite, Kronos, Helios and Hermes, ethereal breath of hope for tears, laughter, anger, generation, word, dream and desire. Crying is Cronus, Zeus generation, the word Hermes, Ares anger, sleep Luna, the desire of Cythera [4] Helios and laughter, because, justice, he laughs all mortal intelligence and boundless cosmos.

Apparently, according to scholars, such interest in the occult was common between the Alexandrian mathematicians (cf. G. Fowden and JC Haas in DZIELSKA 2006: 89)

Mathematics and mystical go hand in hand at least until Boethius (480-525), perhaps the last bastion of that spirit of ancient philosophy, writing summaries, reviews, and inspired by the Greeks treated the four mathematical disciplines taught by the Pythagoreans, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music, " which he called quadrivium , and served basis for the teaching of medieval monastic schools. Shortly after his death, by order of Justinian in 529 closed the schools of philosophy in Athens "in which at that time was teaching a half mystical Christian Neoplatonism: the emperor wanted to delete it, first, the last vestiges the teaching of pagan philosophy, and, second, eliminate any competition with the official Christian schools. "(1997:97 DAMPIER)

will not until the Renaissance to rediscover airs of divine geometry. In the fifteenth century, the cardinal and philosopher Nicholas of Cusa in De Docta ignorantia , recalled the mystical tradition:

"Thus Boethius, the most illustrious of the Romans, held anyone who do not exercise deep in mathematics could achieve the science of things divine. Did Pythagoras, the first philosopher, both by name and by the facts, the numbers did not research the whole truth? " [5]

precisely in that first book The learned ignorance, God is presented by Nicholas of Cusa as the fullness to which nothing is missing. He is the coincidentia oppositorum , since he matches everything besides Him is thought to be different from our understanding. In the infinite opposites are reconciled, as demonstrated by the geometry, then the curve of a circle of infinite radius can be thought of as a line:

"So, if the curve has less curvature when the circumference is greater circle, the circumference of the circle, greater than which there can be no other, is minimally curved making it maximally straight. "(lib. I, cap. XIII)

Pythagorean spirit of cusano undoubtedly influenced Johannes Kepler, the head to give mathematical support to the Copernican heliocentric with his famous three laws on the movement of the planets in their elliptical orbits. However, it is often forgotten that his official occupation was the astrological almanacs, which was convinced that God created the world in mind the mathematical harmonies, and therefore the first formulation of the third of his famous laws appears in an esoteric book Pythagoreanism oozing, 1619: Harmonices Mundi, The Harmonies of the World. The Pythagoreans were able to combine the four divine arts math-arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy-in a colossal and sublime vision: the music of the spheres . El razonamiento que les llevó hasta ello es, desde sus supuestos, impecable: todo movimiento armónico –vibración, diríamos hoy-, produce un sonido; el movimiento más perfecto es el circular; los astros se mueven con movimiento circular; luego los astros producen al moverse…un sonido perfecto. Se cuenta que a Pitágoras le objetaban: “¿y cómo es que no se escucha tan maravillosa sinfonía cósmica?” Y que él, al parecer, respondía: “porque hacemos demasiado ruido…” Amén. Parece ser que Kepler no se resignaba a sufrir este mundanal ruido y, ni corto ni perezoso, se applied to the colossal project of writing something like the score of this cosmic symphony, relating the perfect polyhedra or Platonic solids with specific musical scales and planetary movements. As apotheosis as indecipherable. For those who want to venture into the maze Geometric original work here are some samples:

Landing Alexandria again, I want to clarify why he said that the film Amenabar showed, in my opinion, ambiguous in this regard. Although, as I said earlier, we are drawn to a Hypatia asepsis applied to astronomy, with no apparent contamination of metaphysical speculation, the final scene, in my opinion very successful, shows it about to die, drowned pity for his former slave Davo-in attitude almost mystical ecstasy circular skylight looking like the temple in which it is - does the Caesarion? - viewed from the side where it is located ....¡ is an ellipse! And we had previously suggested that perhaps Hypatia, an expert on conic sections, would have thought that centuries later discovered-no sin gran disgusto para sus pitagóricas creencias- el citado Johannes Kepler: que los planetas no se mueven en órbitas circulares, sino elípticas. La sugerencia del guión según la cual Hipatia habría hecho compatible su devoción pitagórica por el círculo con el nuevo hallazgo al darse cuenta de que la elipse no es más que un círculo visto en perspectiva, me parece magistral. Al menos al final se nos muestra un resquicio de la divina geometría de la que hablaba Sinesio…

---

[1] En Tecnos, Madrid, 1997

[2] quote the translation of Xavier Renau Nebot Hermetic texts, Gredos, Madrid, 1999, p. 417

[3] refers to Aphrodite, who is said to be born in the Cypriot town of Paphos

[4] Ionian island of Kythira is one of the places that are attributed the birth of Aphrodite

[5] Book I, Chapter XI, page 49 of the Castilian edition of Aguilar, Madrid 1981

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AGORAfilia and agoraphobia (4): Hypatia ... Christian?

In my second post on this subject, advocated a dual thesis, contrary both to the legend as the general use, namely , on the one hand, more than a clash between pagans and Christians it was a conflict between different groups of Christians , and on the other hand, more than an ideological conflict between science and religion, between reason and faith, it was a political conflict between different factions fighting for power . The first question, only add to what a witness said late, which appears in the Suda -great-century Byzantine encyclopedia X-suggests that it was a conflict between different groups of Christians when Cyril characterizes as "bishop of the opposite faction ( have antikeiménên hairesin ). The term used hairesis is precisely the origin of the term heresy , and refers to a group of believers who hold a particular view on one or more items of the same doctrine . In this sense, the testimony of a contemporary of Hypatia, Philostorgius, affects the same when we say that "it was shattered by the advocates the homousios ", understood as the triumphant followers of the creed of Nicaea, which definitively established the consubstantiality the Father and the Son, against Arians, Origen, and other heresies. "Hypatia belonged to one of these groups of heretics? This suggests a final testimony that, while obviously a fake, it does express what appears to have been a view held by some or something very close to the death of Hypatia. I refer to an alleged letter to Cyril Hypatia, in which he asks for understanding of Nestorius ideas about the nature of Christ, implicitly siding with them. As Dzielska says, "seems the end of antiquity comes a legend linking Hypatia to Christianity maverick "(DZIELSKA 2006:36). Of course, if it may be considered too militant Hypatia as a maverick group of Christians, not so in the case of his most famous student, Sinesio, who, despite being a bishop, he professed, as we shall see, a form certainly heterodox Christianity.

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AGORAfilia and agoraphobia (3): the murder of Hypatia, a wild form of ostracism

In any case, it was Christians who murdered Hypatia and was a Christian bishop, Cyril, who directly or indirectly was behind this atrocity. Christians, of course, as Socrates and as common sense, did not deserve that name, especially when we go into detail about the savage execution:

"And by agreeing, men at the head of which was a certain Peter, who was reader lurk the woman, who was returning home from somewhere, and pulling the car is dragged into the church called Caesarion, taking the dress to kill her ceramic pieces ( ostrakois ) dismembered and its members being called Cenarion burned. "(Socrates Scholastic, Ecclesiastical History 7.15)

At the risk of being somewhat harder, my translation attempts to be as literal as possible. Socrates is a reliable source among other things because it is also Christian. But it belongs to another heterogeneous group of Christians illustrated that both then and now are shocked of the atrocities committed by fanatics who claim for themselves-and exclusively-the orthodoxy, the "correct doctrine", the single thought, crossing for heresy whole "other doctrine" - heterodoxy - any other divergent thinking.

Another detail Ecclesiastical History of Socrates reminds us of its reliability another contemporary author is more committed to his orthodoxy, Sozomen, felt compelled to "rewrite" suppressing the pessimistic nature and tone of complaint which read in phrases like the following to the description of lynching: "This issue was a major shame, not only under Cyril, but under the whole Alexandrian church. Surely nothing could be further from the spirit of Christianity that the consent of massacres, fights and affairs of this kind. "Sozomen replaces it with a providential view of history of the Church, where, as expected, are silenced so embarrassing events like the death of Hypatia.

But the detail that would fix today is the cruel coincidence that is the fact that the murder weapon was a lot of ostraca, these fragments of pottery in which the Athenians, since the time of Cleisthenes , wrote the name of one character who wanted to condemn to exile when, in the hill-Ceramic pottery district, northwest of the Acropolis healthy habit of practicing so-called ostracism.

Ostracon in which can be read "Themisthokles Neokleos" Themistocles the son of neoclassical, who was ostracized in 471 BC (Museum of Ancient Agora of Athens)

What appalling contrast to the case of Hypatia! Our "good Christians" Peter and his henchmen had a wild and literal practice ostracism and get rid of a person non grata : a ostracazos!

course apparently was not the first nor the last case, it suffered similar treatment at 361 George, the Arian bishop of the city, and in 457 Proterius, also bishop. Their bodies also picked up and burned. No doubt why in many ancient sources is commonplace to refer to the rebellious nature of the Alexandrians.

another version should also be interpreted, as do Edward Gibbon, R. Hoche or Carl Sagan, the term ostrakois in its most literal sense, such as oyster shells. Which is very reasonable if we think that the crime scene, the Caesarion, was located near the beach, next to Grand Harbour. There probably more abundant shells that pieces of ceramic tile, or as some translate. This is one of the things they do disagree with Gonzalo Fernandez, in his essay 1985 "The death of Hypatia, the widespread view according to which were the parabolans, henchmen of the bishop, who perpetrated the crime. In his opinion, were the sailors of Alexandria, mostly Christians, who had already participated in a revolt against Caracalla in the third century, against the rule and faithful to their bishop, it was they who chose the crime scene, the Caesarion, a church built over a temple dedicated to Augustus in his role as protector of seafarers.

Either way, either with pieces of ceramics, tiles or shells, the truth is that Peter and his minions such - Oysters, Pedrín ...! - perpetrated a savage and literal form of ostracism.

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AGORAfilia and agoraphobia (2): Hypatia's death, conflict between Christians

Among my students in Philosophy 1 and 2 of high school students who have seen the movie Agora, the majority opinion, when asked about the issue of it, is that it is a conflict between pagans and Christians, on the one hand, and between science and religion, on the other. The more refined, perhaps echoing some comments that have heard speak of a conflict between reason and faith. Without going any further, my own roommate, when asked in class on the subject, has responded in the same terms: in the movie is clearly expressed the conflict between reason and faith.

I disagree with both perceptions, because I think it is neither one nor the other, although I must say that the movie load inks in both directions. My two thesis is that, on the one hand, more than a clash between pagans and Christians was a conflict between different groups of Christians , and on the other hand, more than an ideological conflict between science and religion or between reason and faith, it was a political conflict between different factions fighting for power . To support my argument, besides the most important contemporary sources-mainly Socrates and Synesius Scholastic, "I rely on research that I consider most comprehensive and revealing of Mary Dzielska, in his excellent essay, 1995 Hypatia of Alexandria [1] , yet, in my opinion, unsurpassed, despite our country's current spate of new (?) publications on Hypatia, following the interest generated by film Amenabar. In fact, I agree with Dzielska thesis, which provides some data and approaches that I think have been unsuccessful so far.

To support the thesis that it is a conflict between different groups of Christians, let us examine the data that we have reached regarding the relationship of Hypatia with Christians on the one hand, and pagan practices, for another. To summarize the information obtained masterfully Dzielkska reading letters Synesius, we can draw the following account of Hypatia's disciples whose name we know:

The "happy circle who enjoys his divine voice "(Sinesio, letter 5):

Ø Herculianus the Sinesio closest friend, who spends 10 cards (137-146)

Ø Ciro , Herculianus brother, probably, Flavio Taurus Seleucus Cyrus Panopolis Cyrus, bishop of Cotieo in Phrygia.

Ø Olimpio, "no doubt Christian" (DZIELSKA 2006:44-45) devotes Sinesio 8 cards

Ø ission, Sinesio partner, and Olimpio Herculianus

Ø Siro, leading to letters of Sinesio Olimpio Ø

Pedro , delivering a letter Synesius Hypatia (the 133), their name "indicates without doubt that a Christian" (DZIELSKA 2006:48)

Ø Hesiquio perhaps libiarca , ie the chief priest of the province of Pentapolis to 400, according to D. Roques (in DZIELSKA 2006:136, note 69 -)

Ø Euoptius , Sinesio brother, his successor as Bishop of Cyrene.

Ø Teotecno , who Sinesio called "Holy Father" (Letter 5); Alexandrian priest as the editor of the letters Francisco Antonio García Romero (1995:41-note 87 -)

Ø Athanasius, probably an Alexandrian sophist

Ø Theodosius, Alexandrian and "grammarian of the first order" (letter 5)

Ø

Sinesio Gayo appointed as a member of our family "(letter 5), it is understood that the circle of Hypatia

Ø Isidoro perhaps the priest and abbot of Pelusium (DZIELSKA 2006:55-56)

Listeners Hypatia conferences to a wider audience mentioned by Damascius:

Ø Orestes, the imperial prefect of Alexandria in 412-415, a Christian before his appointment as governor of Egypt (DZIELSKA 2006:52)

Ø Simplicio, such time commander of the East in 396-398

Ø Pentadius, imperial prefect of Egypt 403-404

Ø Heliodorus rhetorical lawyer in the court of imperial prefect of Egypt

Ø Ammonium curialis or Alexandrian council

Sinesio If we count in the 14 names that make up the circle closer to Hypatia, probably 8-in bold-being Christians, 6 of whom hold positions church, to which we must add that among the 5 names of people with important positions in the empire, there is one -Orestes, good friend of Hypatia, who is also Christian.

That fact is what makes you say to Mary Dzielska that "around" the last pagan "," helena martyr 'and' victim of terrible Christian fanaticism "(as described some of the creators of modern legend) meet Christian, pagan sympathizers and future converts. " few lines down: "No source suggests that, under the influence of this" pagan recalcitrant "one of his pupils being drawn into apostasy or, disturbed by anti-Christian views, want to kill him and teachings "(DZIELSKA 2006:58)

As it relates to paganism, one wonders why we are not aware that Hypatia has actively participated in the defense of Serapeo when held its destruction 391-which, incidentally, was another thing not to comply with the edict in June of that year enacted prohibiting the Emperor Theodosius pagan practices. If it had, we would have news of this, as we have the active participation of the neo-Platonic philosopher Olimpio, or ammonium and Heladio grammarians. Perhaps we should conclude that Dzielska "Hypatia is not attracted by Greek polytheism nor local cults (...) It does not feel obliged to support his Platonism theurgic practices nor ritual, divination or magic, there is no site in transcendentalism he professes, for service to a baboon-headed god. " (DZIELSKA 2006: 95-96). It, however, does not follow that Hypatia was an atheist or that their interest in science to keep it outside of spirituality; rather the opposite, since, as we shall soon see, is by no means Sinesio rhetoric when it comes to Hypatia as "the most venerable philosopher, the favorite of the Godhead" (Letter 5).

Based on these data, Hypatia is closer to Christians-at least those grown in Greek paideia, that of the pagans. Hypatia, of course, is siding with Orestes and we must not forget, as Dzielska warns us that "after all, the same Christian and Orestes is representative of a Christian" (DZIELSKA 2006:102). But we must not overlook the fact that "Hypatia is not popular or famous among the common people of Alexandria "(ibid.: 103). Quite the contrary, "the happy circle who enjoys his divine voice" is an aristocratic elite that has no interest in sharing their teachings to the masses, in this sense, tell Sinesio Bishop-being and to "explain the philosophy the mob only leads to awakening in men a contempt for the divine things "(Letter 143)

will be precisely this trick is going to play the bishop Cyril in his confrontation with Orestes: harangue the masses who do not have to Hypatia and yours in high regard, with canard that, even with Christian friends, Hypatia is a dangerous witch practicing black magic, an accusation that caused panic among the populace. This is also a crime punishable by the harshest punishment in the Christian empire, and, unfortunately, could check our compatriot and good Christian Prisciliano few years earlier, in 385, when he was beheaded on charges of maleficium Trier : Same strategy defamation, similar conflict between Christians .

On one side, then, is Hypatia with Orestes and Christians worship and moderate. The other is Cyril with the masses of Alexandrian famous in antiquity for his rebellious nature, and their parabolans, "most ignorant and uneducated, but obedient to their ecclesiastical leaders, hotheaded and prone to manipulation" (DZIELSKA 2006:209), who apparently are responsible for executing the sadistic lynching of the venerable philosopher who will regret to his contemporary, the Christian historian Socrates Scholastic: "Surely nothing could be further from the spirit of Christianity that the consent of massacres, fights and affairs of this kind" (Ecclesiastical History 7.15)

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[1] quote from the 2 nd edition in 2006 in Siruela Castilian.